Monday, December 31, 2012
Evapotranspiration (ET)
Evapotranspiration (ET) is the sum of evaporation and plant transpiration from the Earth's land surface to atmosphere. Evaporation accounts for the movement of water to the air from sources such as the soil, canopy interception, and waterbodies. Transpiration accounts for the movement of water within a plant and the subsequent loss of water as vapor through stomata in its leaves. Evapotranspiration is an important part of the water cycle. An element (such as a tree) that contributes to evapotranspiration can be called an evapotranspirator.[1] OR EVAPOTRANSPIRATION: It is defined as total quantity of water used by the vegetative growth of a given area in transpiration and building of the plant tissue and that evaporated from the adjacent siol in the area in any specified time
Saturday, December 29, 2012
Barrioization
Barrioization is a term used in the field of AP Human Geography.
It is defined by geographer James Curtis as the "dramatic" increase in Hispanic population in a given neighborhood. It is most likely to be related to the situation in the United States of America. The origin of the word is barrio, which is the Spanish word for neighborhood.
It is defined by geographer James Curtis as the "dramatic" increase in Hispanic population in a given neighborhood. It is most likely to be related to the situation in the United States of America. The origin of the word is barrio, which is the Spanish word for neighborhood.
What is space-time compression?
In geography it refers to the speed of transportation making places
"closer" together in terms of social distance. The theory is literally
that the compression of speed has compressed the space between any two
points on the globe.
The classic example is that people generally are willing to commute 20 minutes from home to work. In the Medieval city this meant working within a 20 minute walk of your home, or less than a mile. In today's city, figuring 60 mph, it can mean 20 miles.
Another classic example is in the transport of goods. When it took 5 months to import something from China to the USA, the item was a rare commodity. Silk may have been a luxury item, but it wasn't part of the culture. Today it takes days to get a product from China to the USA, so China's products are a part of our everyday culture.
The classic example is that people generally are willing to commute 20 minutes from home to work. In the Medieval city this meant working within a 20 minute walk of your home, or less than a mile. In today's city, figuring 60 mph, it can mean 20 miles.
Another classic example is in the transport of goods. When it took 5 months to import something from China to the USA, the item was a rare commodity. Silk may have been a luxury item, but it wasn't part of the culture. Today it takes days to get a product from China to the USA, so China's products are a part of our everyday culture.
The Fertile Crescent
The Fertile Crescent is a crescent-shaped region containing the comparatively moist and fertile land of otherwise arid and semi-arid Western Asia, and the Nile Valley and Nile Delta of northeast Africa. The term was first used by University of Chicago archaeologist James Henry Breasted. Having originated in the study of ancient history, the concept soon developed and today retains meanings in international geopolitics and diplomatic relations.
In current usage the Fertile Crescent has a minimum extent and a maximum extent. All definitions include Mesopotamia, the land in and around the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The major nation in this region is Iraq (formerly Mesopotamia), with small portions of Iran near the Persian Gulf, Kuwait to the south and Turkey in the north. More typically the Fertile Crescent includes also the Levantine coast of the Mediterranean Sea, with Syria, Jordan, Palestine, Israel, Lebanon and the West Bank. Water sources include the Jordan River.
In current usage the Fertile Crescent has a minimum extent and a maximum extent. All definitions include Mesopotamia, the land in and around the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The major nation in this region is Iraq (formerly Mesopotamia), with small portions of Iran near the Persian Gulf, Kuwait to the south and Turkey in the north. More typically the Fertile Crescent includes also the Levantine coast of the Mediterranean Sea, with Syria, Jordan, Palestine, Israel, Lebanon and the West Bank. Water sources include the Jordan River.
The Atlantic slave trade
The Atlantic slave trade or transatlantic slave trade took place across the Atlantic ocean from the 16th through to the 19th centuries. The vast majority of slaves transported to the New World were Africans
from the central and western parts of the continent, sold by Africans
to European slave traders who then transported them to the colonies in
North and South America. The numbers were so great that Africans who
came by way of the slave trade became the most numerous Old-World
immigrants in both North and South America before the late eighteenth
century.[1]
The South Atlantic economic system centered on making goods and
clothing to sell in Europe and increasing the numbers of African slaves
brought to the New World. This was crucial to those European countries
which, in the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, were vying in
creating overseas empires.[2]
The first Africans imported to the English colonies were also called “indentured servants” or “apprentices for life”. By the middle of the seventeenth century, they and their offspring were legally the property of their owners. As property, they were merchandise or units of labor, and were sold at markets with other goods and services.
The Portuguese were the first to engage in the New World slave trade, and others soon followed. Slaves were considered cargo by the ship owners, to be transported to the Americas as quickly and cheaply as possible,[2] there to be sold to labor in coffee, tobacco, cocoa, cotton and sugar plantations, gold and silver mines, rice fields, construction industry, cutting timber for ships, and as house servants.
The Atlantic slave traders, ordered by trade volume, were: the Portuguese, the British, the French, the Spanish, the Dutch, and the Americans. They had established outposts on the African coast where they purchased slaves from local African tribal leaders.[3] Current estimates are that about 12 million were shipped across the Atlantic,[4] although the actual number purchased by the traders is considerably higher.[5][6][7]
The slave trade is sometimes called the Maafa by African and African-American scholars, meaning "holocaust" or "great disaster" in Swahili. Some scholars, such as Marimba Ani and Maulana Karenga use the terms African Holocaust or Holocaust of Enslavement. Slavery was one element of a three-part economic cycle—the triangular trade and its Middle Passage—which ultimately involved four continents, four centuries and millions of people
The first Africans imported to the English colonies were also called “indentured servants” or “apprentices for life”. By the middle of the seventeenth century, they and their offspring were legally the property of their owners. As property, they were merchandise or units of labor, and were sold at markets with other goods and services.
The Portuguese were the first to engage in the New World slave trade, and others soon followed. Slaves were considered cargo by the ship owners, to be transported to the Americas as quickly and cheaply as possible,[2] there to be sold to labor in coffee, tobacco, cocoa, cotton and sugar plantations, gold and silver mines, rice fields, construction industry, cutting timber for ships, and as house servants.
The Atlantic slave traders, ordered by trade volume, were: the Portuguese, the British, the French, the Spanish, the Dutch, and the Americans. They had established outposts on the African coast where they purchased slaves from local African tribal leaders.[3] Current estimates are that about 12 million were shipped across the Atlantic,[4] although the actual number purchased by the traders is considerably higher.[5][6][7]
The slave trade is sometimes called the Maafa by African and African-American scholars, meaning "holocaust" or "great disaster" in Swahili. Some scholars, such as Marimba Ani and Maulana Karenga use the terms African Holocaust or Holocaust of Enslavement. Slavery was one element of a three-part economic cycle—the triangular trade and its Middle Passage—which ultimately involved four continents, four centuries and millions of people
Friday, December 28, 2012
essay - poverty in pakistan
As everyone knows that
Pakistan is an under develop country which has very little opportunity
to grow due to its fluctuating economy. From the time of independence
till now, Pakistan is going through hardships and is trying firmly to 
justify
its position in the world. Among all these problems, the foremost
problem is poverty. Poverty is a condition in which one cannot afford
basic human needs such as food, shelter, clothes, education, nutrition
and good health. Much has been written and done to abolish poverty in
Pakistan but the situation is almost the same. Poverty in Pakistan is of
great concern as it is a developing country. Though our middle class
has improved their status and has grown up to 35% but still according to
an estimation held in the year 2008, 17.2% of the total population is
living below poverty line. This condition is very alarming as this is
the lowest figure ever recorded in the history of our country.
justify
its position in the world. Among all these problems, the foremost
problem is poverty. Poverty is a condition in which one cannot afford
basic human needs such as food, shelter, clothes, education, nutrition
and good health. Much has been written and done to abolish poverty in
Pakistan but the situation is almost the same. Poverty in Pakistan is of
great concern as it is a developing country. Though our middle class
has improved their status and has grown up to 35% but still according to
an estimation held in the year 2008, 17.2% of the total population is
living below poverty line. This condition is very alarming as this is
the lowest figure ever recorded in the history of our country.
Poverty in our country has risen due to
number of factors. The prime factor is lack of education. Number of
people does not know about latest and modern techniques of running a
business so the result is reduction in revenue and loss in business.
Pakistan’s import is greater than export. Even the raw material has to
be imported. Here the need is to cut down imports and to take benefit
from country’s natural resources. This will also give opportunity to the
local people to earn. The present law and order situation in Pakistan
is also discouraging many investors and those who have already invested
are not getting any benefit. Corruption is prevailing in every corner of
our country and is engulfing the rights of a common man. Someone has
wisely said that “it is true that nobody is above the law, but power can make somebody invisible”. Same is the case in Pakistan where every powerful person is pillaging and there is no one to question him.
Poverty will never end until and unless
real solutions are implemented. There is a need for economic justice
and political stability. There must be complete equity between males and
females on every ground including their wages. Overpopulation should be
controlled by the government as it is one of the root causes of poverty
in our country. Industrialization must be promoted along with equal
distribution of resources. Feudalism must be dumped down and foreign
investors should be encouraged by giving them more feasibility.
Smuggling and other illegal activities along with corruption must be
dealt with iron hand.
Poverty is the parent of crime. It gives
rise to many other offences. If this increased rate of poverty is not
checked soon it will ruin everything. It is the duty of government of
Pakistan to take necessary measures to wipe out poverty and to comfort
its nation by providing them all the basic necessities of life.
The poverty threshold, or poverty line, is the minimum level of income deemed adequate in a given country.[1] In practice, like the definition of poverty, the official or common understanding of the poverty line is significantly higher in developed countries than in developing countries.[2][3]
The common international poverty line has in the past been roughly $1 a day.[4] In 2008, the World Bank came out with a revised figure of $1.25
Determining the poverty line is usually done by finding the total cost of all the essential resources that an average human adult consumes in one year.[6] The largest of these expenses is typically the rent required to live in an apartment, so historically, economists have paid particular attention to the real estate market and housing prices as a strong poverty line affector.
Individual factors are often used to account for various circumstances, such as whether one is a parent, elderly, a child, married, etc. The poverty threshold may be adjusted annually.
Charles Booth, a pioneering investigator of poverty in London at the turn of the 20th century, popularised the idea of a poverty line,
quotes
Loneliness and the feeling of being unwanted is the most terrible poverty.
Mother Teresa
Poverty threshold
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Poverty line)
For the term as defined in the United States, see Poverty thresholds (United States).
The common international poverty line has in the past been roughly $1 a day.[4] In 2008, the World Bank came out with a revised figure of $1.25
Determining the poverty line is usually done by finding the total cost of all the essential resources that an average human adult consumes in one year.[6] The largest of these expenses is typically the rent required to live in an apartment, so historically, economists have paid particular attention to the real estate market and housing prices as a strong poverty line affector.
Individual factors are often used to account for various circumstances, such as whether one is a parent, elderly, a child, married, etc. The poverty threshold may be adjusted annually.
Charles Booth, a pioneering investigator of poverty in London at the turn of the 20th century, popularised the idea of a poverty line,
quotes
Loneliness and the feeling of being unwanted is the most terrible poverty.
Mother Teresa
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